Cognitive - Education and Life Skills

On the writings of Steven Pinker (Author and Cognitive Psychologist in the USA)

Created by Peter H Bloecker (Author and Blogger)

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Easter 2024

Who is Steven PINKER?

Steven Pinker is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, linguist, and science writer. He is best known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and his critique of political correctness. Some of his notable books include “The Language Instinct” (1994), “How the Mind Works” (1997), “The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature” (2002), and “The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined” (2011). In these works, Pinker argues that human behavior and culture can be understood through the lens of evolution, and that modern science has revealed a great deal about the innate capacities of the mind and the innate tendencies of human behavior. He also argues against the idea that human nature is a blank slate, and instead asserts that there are innate, universal aspects of human psychology.

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How does our brain work?

How does Learning work in children’s brains?

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#Piaget

#Blank State

#HUMANS

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My summary of The Language Instinct

“The Language Instinct” by Steven Pinker is a book that explores the nature of language and how it is acquired. Pinker argues that the ability to learn and use language is an innate capacity of the human mind, and that this capacity is part of our genetic endowment. He also argues that language is a complex and sophisticated system, not just a set of random sounds, and that the structure of language is determined by universal grammatical rules that are common to all languages. Pinker argues that the development of language is an example of natural selection, with the most successful forms of language being those that are easy to learn and use. The book also explores the debate between nature and nurture in language acquisition, with Pinker arguing that both play a role, but that the innate ability to learn language is the most important factor. Overall, “The Language Instinct” is a comprehensive and accessible examination of the science of language and its role in human life.

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#genetic endowment

#universal grammar

#Chomsky

How the Mind Works

“How the Mind Works” by Steven Pinker is a comprehensive exploration of the nature of the human mind and how it processes information. The book argues that the mind is not a blank slate at birth, but is instead equipped with a set of innate abilities and tendencies that shape our understanding of the world. Pinker argues that these innate abilities are the result of evolution, and that they have been shaped over millions of years to help us survive and thrive in our environment.

The book covers a wide range of topics related to the mind, including perception, emotion, motivation, and cognition. For example, Pinker argues that our perception of the world is not a direct representation of reality, but is instead shaped by our innate biases and tendencies, such as our ability to detect patterns and make predictions about future events. He also discusses the role of emotions in decision making, arguing that emotions serve as a quick and efficient way to evaluate the significance of events and to guide our behavior.

Pinker also explores the nature of intelligence and the ways in which our minds process information. He argues that the mind uses a variety of mental modules or specialized systems to process different types of information, such as visual information, auditory information, and mathematical information. He also argues that these modules work together in a sophisticated and integrated way to help us understand and interact with the world around us.

Throughout the book, Pinker draws on a wide range of evidence from psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology to support his arguments. He also challenges many common misconceptions about the mind and offers a fresh and insightful perspective on how the mind works.

Overall, “How the Mind Works” is a comprehensive and thought-provoking examination of the nature of the human mind and how it processes information. Pinker’s accessible and engaging writing style makes the book accessible to a wide audience, and it remains a seminal work in the field of evolutionary psychology.

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#innate biases

#neuroscience

About the nature of intelligence

In “How the Mind Works,” Steven Pinker explores the nature of intelligence and how the mind processes information. He argues that intelligence is not a single, unitary capacity, but is instead the result of many different mental modules or specialized systems that work together in an integrated way.

Pinker argues that these mental modules are innate and evolved over time to help us survive and thrive in our environment. For example, he suggests that our ability to understand and use language is a separate module that evolved specifically for that purpose, and that it is different from other mental modules that process other types of information, such as visual information or mathematical information.

He also argues that intelligence is not simply a matter of having a large amount of general knowledge, but is instead the ability to use this knowledge in flexible and adaptive ways. He suggests that intelligence is a complex interaction between these mental modules, working together to solve problems and to understand the world around us.

Pinker also explores the debate over the nature versus nurture aspect of intelligence, suggesting that both play a role. He argues that genetics plays a role in determining the underlying capacities of the mind, but that these capacities can be shaped and developed through experience and education.

Overall, Pinker’s exploration of the nature of intelligence in “How the Mind Works” offers a comprehensive and insightful perspective on the complex interplay between innate abilities and learned skills in shaping human intelligence.

About language aquisition

In “The Language Instinct” and other works, Steven Pinker explores the nature of language acquisition and how the mind learns to use language. He argues that the ability to learn and use language is an innate capacity of the human mind, and that this capacity is part of our genetic endowment.

Pinker argues that children are born with a “language acquisition device” that helps them learn the rules of language and understand the structure of the language they hear around them. He suggests that this device is not specific to any one language, but is instead a general capacity that allows children to learn any language they are exposed to.

Pinker also argues that language is not simply a matter of memorizing a set of words and phrases, but is instead a sophisticated and complex system with its own rules and structure. He suggests that children learn these rules and structure through exposure to language and through their own trial-and-error experimentation with language.

Pinker also explores the role of culture and environment in language acquisition, arguing that both play a role. He suggests that the environment provides the input that the child needs to learn language, but that the child’s innate capacity for language is what allows them to learn and use language effectively.

Overall, Pinker’s exploration of language acquisition offers a comprehensive and insightful perspective on the interplay between innate abilities and environmental factors in shaping the development of language. He argues that language is not simply learned, but is instead a result of the interaction between the innate capacity of the mind and the input from the environment.

How do children learn a first language?

Children learn their first language through a combination of exposure to language and their innate language acquisition abilities. Here are the key processes involved in language acquisition:

1. Exposure: Children are exposed to language through hearing the speech of others, typically starting from birth. They listen to the sounds, words, and grammar of the language and begin to build up a mental representation of the language they hear.

2. Imitation: Children begin to imitate the sounds and words they hear, gradually increasing their own vocabulary and building up their own understanding of the language.

3. Trial and Error: Children engage in trial and error, experimenting with the language they hear to see what works and what doesn’t. They gradually learn the rules and structure of the language through this process of trial and error.

4. Feedback: Children receive feedback from others, such as parents and caregivers, in the form of corrections, reinforcement, and praise. This feedback helps them refine their understanding of the language and correct any errors they make.

5. Reinforcement: Children learn language through reinforcement, where they are rewarded for using the language correctly and are corrected when they make mistakes. This reinforcement helps to strengthen their understanding of the language and encourage them to continue learning.

The combination of exposure, imitation, trial and error, feedback, and reinforcement helps children to learn their first language and develop their language abilities over time. The process of language acquisition is supported by the innate language acquisition device, which helps children to learn the rules and structure of language and understand the sounds, words, and grammar they hear.

Are there any innate language acquisition abilities?

The concept of innate language acquisition abilities refers to the idea that children have a built-in capacity to learn language that is part of their genetic endowment. This capacity is thought to be a result of evolution and is seen as a crucial aspect of human development.

Here are some key aspects of innate language acquisition abilities:

1. Universal Grammar: Steven Pinker and other linguists argue that humans have an innate capacity for language, known as Universal Grammar, that provides a framework for learning any language. This Universal Grammar is thought to contain the basic building blocks of language, such as rules for forming sentences, a vocabulary of common words, and an understanding of the structure of language.

2. Sensitivity to Sound: Infants are born with the ability to distinguish sounds from all languages, and they have a special sensitivity to the sounds of speech. This sensitivity allows them to distinguish the sounds of speech from other sounds in the environment and to focus on speech sounds in order to learn language.

3. Imitation: Children have an innate ability to imitate the sounds and speech patterns they hear, allowing them to learn the sounds of a particular language and to build up their own speech patterns.

4. Rule-Finding: Children have an innate capacity for finding the rules of language, such as the rules for forming sentences and for constructing meaning. This capacity allows them to learn the grammar and structure of the language they hear, even if they do not understand all the words.

5. Semantic Processing: Children have an innate ability to understand the meaning of words and to use this meaning to learn new words and construct sentences.

Overall, innate language acquisition abilities are seen as a crucial aspect of human development, allowing children to learn language quickly and effectively. These abilities are thought to be the result of evolution and to provide a foundation for the development of language and other cognitive abilities. The interplay between these innate abilities and environmental factors, such as exposure to language, feedback, and reinforcement, is thought to shape the development of language and to help children to become fluent speakers of their first language.

Whar is semantic processing?

Semantic processing refers to the mental processes involved in understanding the meaning of words and sentences in language. It is an essential aspect of language comprehension and is thought to be closely linked to other cognitive abilities, such as memory and attention.

Here are some key aspects of semantic processing:

1. Word Meaning: Semantic processing involves understanding the meaning of individual words and how they relate to other words. This understanding allows people to use words to convey meaning and to comprehend the meaning of words used by others.

2. Sentence Meaning: Semantic processing also involves understanding the meaning of sentences, including the relationships between words in a sentence and the meaning conveyed by the sentence as a whole.

3. Context: Context plays an important role in semantic processing, as the meaning of words and sentences can be influenced by the context in which they are used. For example, the meaning of a word can change depending on whether it is used in a sentence about a person, place, or thing.

4. Word Association: Semantic processing involves creating associations between words and their meanings. These associations allow people to use words to convey meaning and to understand the meaning of words used by others.

5. Memory: Memory plays a crucial role in semantic processing, as people must store the meanings of words and sentences in order to use them effectively. Memory also helps to support the recall of words and sentences in context, allowing people to use language to communicate effectively.

Overall, semantic processing is an essential aspect of language comprehension and is thought to be a fundamental aspect of human cognition. The ability to understand the meaning of words and sentences is critical for effective communication and is a key aspect of human intelligence. The interplay between semantic processing and other cognitive abilities, such as attention and memory, helps to shape the development of language and to support effective communication in a range of contexts.

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About the interplay between semantic processing and other cognitive abilities, such as attention and memory

The interplay between semantic processing and other cognitive abilities, such as attention and memory, is a complex and dynamic process that is essential for effective language comprehension and communication.

Here are some key aspects of this interplay:

1. Attention: Attention plays a crucial role in semantic processing, as people must attend to words and sentences in order to understand their meaning. Attention allows people to focus on the sounds and meanings of words, as well as the relationships between words in a sentence, in order to comprehend their meaning.

2. Memory: Memory is also closely linked to semantic processing, as people must store the meanings of words and sentences in order to use them effectively. Memory helps to support the recall of words and sentences in context, allowing people to use language to communicate effectively.

3. Integration: The interplay between semantic processing, attention, and memory involves the integration of information from different sources in order to create a coherent understanding of language. For example, people must integrate the meanings of words, the relationships between words in a sentence, and the context in which the sentence is used in order to comprehend its meaning.

4. Feedback: Feedback from the environment and other people is also an important aspect of the interplay between semantic processing, attention, and memory. Feedback allows people to refine their understanding of language, to correct errors in their comprehension and production of language, and to learn new words and sentences.

Overall, the interplay between semantic processing, attention, and memory is essential for effective language comprehension and communication. The integration of information from these different sources allows people to create a coherent and meaningful understanding of language, and to use language to communicate effectively in a range of contexts. This interplay is thought to be a crucial aspect of human cognition and is seen as a fundamental aspect of human intelligence.

About the difference between attention and awareness

Attention and awareness are two related but distinct concepts in psychology and cognitive science.

Attention refers to the ability to focus on a specific stimulus or task, and to selectively process information from the environment. Attention can be focused on different aspects of the environment, such as visual, auditory, or touch stimuli. Attention can also be divided, allowing people to attend to multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously.

Awareness, on the other hand, refers to the conscious perception of stimuli and experiences. Awareness is often thought of as a more global concept that encompasses attention, as well as other aspects of conscious experience, such as perception, memory, and thought. Awareness can be directed towards different aspects of the environment, similar to attention, but also includes the perception of internal experiences, such as thoughts and emotions.

In summary, attention refers to the ability to selectively focus on specific stimuli or tasks, while awareness refers to the conscious perception of stimuli and experiences, both external and internal. Although these two concepts are related, they are distinct and play different roles in shaping our perceptions and experiences of the world.

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#awareness

#gestalt

#Perls

#Fromm

#Marcuse

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A short excursion into the old book John O Stevens awareness

Fritz Perls in Exile (USA)

Friedrich Salomon Perls, also known as Fritz Perls, was a German-born psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who developed and popularized Gestalt therapy. He was born in Berlin in 1893 and emigrated to South Africa in the 1920s before moving to the United States in the 1940s.

Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the importance of the individual’s subjective experience, and seeks to help people understand and resolve their emotional and psychological conflicts by paying close attention to their present-moment experience. Perls believed that people could overcome their psychological problems by becoming more aware of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and by learning to express and integrate these experiences in a healthy way.

Perls’ approach to therapy was innovative and influential, and it continues to be widely practiced and studied today. He wrote several influential books, including “Ego, Hunger, and Aggression” (1942), “Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality” (1951), and “The Gestalt Approach and Eye Witness to Therapy” (1973), which have helped to establish Gestalt therapy as a respected and widely used approach to psychotherapy.

Overall, Fritz Perls was a pioneering and influential figure in the field of psychotherapy, and his work has had a lasting impact on the understanding and treatment of psychological problems.

The book “Awareness” was first published in 1971 in the USA and quickly became a classic practical gestalt work in psychology.

“Awareness” by Steve Andreas is a classic book on Gestalt therapy, which was co-founded by Fritz Perls. The book provides practical guidance for individuals seeking to develop a greater understanding of their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, and for those looking to use Gestalt therapy as a means of self-exploration and personal growth.

In “Awareness,” Andreas draws on the principles and practices of Gestalt therapy to help readers understand the importance of becoming more self-aware and to develop techniques for accessing and integrating their inner experiences. The book is written in a clear, concise, and accessible style, and is designed to be used as a practical guide for individuals looking to explore their own experiences and to develop a deeper understanding of themselves.

Overall, “Awareness” is considered a classic work in the field of Gestalt therapy, and it continues to be widely read and respected by practitioners, students, and individuals seeking personal growth and self-awareness.

The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature

“The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature” is a book by Steven Pinker, published in 2002. In this book, Pinker argues against the idea that human nature is a “blank slate” or tabula rasa, and that all human traits and behaviors are shaped solely by the environment and experience. Instead, Pinker argues that human nature is shaped by an interaction between genes and environment, and that certain basic traits and tendencies are innate and universal to the human species.

Pinker’s central argument is that there is a growing body of scientific evidence from fields such as biology, psychology, and neuroscience that supports the idea of human nature as being innate and biologically determined. He contends that many of the assumptions and ideologies that have shaped modern Western thought and culture, such as the blank slate theory, are misguided and unsupported by scientific evidence.

The book is divided into several chapters, each of which addresses a different aspect of human nature and behavior, such as violence, morality, language, and the nature of intelligence. In each chapter, Pinker provides a detailed and often controversial critique of the blank slate theory, and offers evidence and arguments in support of the idea of human nature as being biologically determined.

Overall, “The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature” is a provocative and controversial book that challenges many commonly held assumptions about human nature and behavior. The book has been widely debated and discussed, and it remains an important and influential work in the fields of biology, psychology, and philosophy.

About Jordan B Peterson

Jordan B. Peterson is a Canadian clinical psychologist, cultural critic, and professor of psychology at the University of Toronto. He was born in 1962 and has been a professor at the University of Toronto since 1998.

Peterson rose to prominence in the early 2010s for his criticism of political correctness and his opposition to compelled speech legislation in Canada. He has been a vocal critic of postmodernism and identity politics, and he has argued for a return to traditional values and individual responsibility.

Peterson’s views on a wide range of topics, including psychology, politics, religion, and culture, have been widely discussed and debated. He has published several books, including “Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief” (1999) and “12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos” (2018), which have been widely read and influential.

Peterson’s ideas and lectures have attracted a large following, especially among young men, and he is often described as a controversial figure due to his views on political correctness, free speech, and other cultural and political issues. He has been both praised and criticized for his views, and his work continues to generate discussion and debate.

Overall, Jordan B. Peterson is a well-known and influential figure in the fields of psychology, cultural criticism, and political discourse, and his ideas and perspectives continue to shape public discussions on a wide range of important issues.

Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a cultural and intellectual movement that developed in the mid- to late-20th century as a response to the perceived limitations of modernism. It is a complex and diverse movement that encompasses a wide range of ideas and perspectives across the arts, humanities, and social sciences.

Here is a brief outline of key elements and ideas associated with postmodernism:

1. Rejection of grand narratives: Postmodernism challenges the notion of universal, objective truth and instead emphasizes the importance of multiple perspectives and subjective interpretations.

2. Decentralization of authority: Postmodernism critiques the idea of centralized authority and power, and instead promotes the idea of local knowledge and diverse experiences.

3. Skepticism towards universal explanations: Postmodernism questions the idea of universal explanations for human behavior and cultural phenomena, and instead highlights the importance of context-specific understanding.

4. Emphasis on language and representation: Postmodernism stresses the importance of language and representation in shaping our perceptions and understanding of reality.

5. Intertextuality and pastiche: Postmodernism incorporates and references past styles, cultural forms, and texts, and often employs pastiche, or the mixing of different elements from different sources.

6. Celebration of pluralism and diversity: Postmodernism values diversity and pluralism, and seeks to incorporate and celebrate the voices and perspectives of marginalized and oppressed groups.

7. Rejection of binary oppositions: Postmodernism challenges the idea of binary oppositions, such as good/evil, us/them, and nature/culture, and instead argues for the fluidity and complexity of these categories.

Overall, postmodernism is a complex and diverse intellectual and cultural movement that challenges many of the assumptions and beliefs of modernism and seeks to promote a more nuanced and pluralistic understanding of reality.

A critique of identity politics

Identity politics is a political and social movement that seeks to advance the rights and interests of marginalized and oppressed groups based on shared characteristics such as race, gender, sexuality, religion, or ethnicity. While identity politics has played an important role in bringing attention to important social justice issues and advancing the rights of historically marginalized groups, it has also been the subject of significant criticism.

Here are some of the key critiques of identity politics:

1. Divisiveness: Critics argue that identity politics reinforces division and separatism, rather than promoting unity and cooperation across different groups.

2. Essentialism: Critics argue that identity politics reinforces the idea of fixed and unchanging identities, rather than promoting a more nuanced and complex understanding of human identity.

3. Victim mentality: Critics argue that identity politics reinforces a victim mentality and a sense of entitlement, rather than promoting personal responsibility and agency.

4. Stereotyping: Critics argue that identity politics reinforces harmful stereotypes and assumptions about different groups, rather than promoting a more nuanced and accurate understanding of these groups.

5. Conflict with individualism: Critics argue that identity politics is incompatible with the principles of individualism and personal freedom, as it emphasizes group membership and solidarity over individual choice and autonomy.

6. Political correctness: Critics argue that identity politics promotes a culture of political correctness that stifles free speech and open debate, rather than promoting diversity of opinion and intellectual freedom.

While these critiques of identity politics are significant, it is important to acknowledge that identity politics has also played an important role in advancing the rights and interests of marginalized and oppressed groups, and has helped bring attention to important social justice issues. The challenge is to find a balance between promoting the rights of marginalized groups and maintaining individual freedom and open debate.

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About Maps Of Meaning

“Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief” is a book written by Canadian psychologist and professor Jordan B. Peterson. It was first published in 1999 and is considered one of Peterson’s key works.

The book is a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between beliefs, mythology, and the human mind. It argues that beliefs, whether religious, cultural, or scientific, are not simply arbitrary or random, but are instead organized into a coherent framework or “map of meaning.” This map of meaning helps individuals understand the world and their place within it, and serves as a guide for behavior and decision-making.

The book argues that this “map of meaning” is shaped by a number of factors, including cultural and historical context, personal experience, and the human drive to make sense of the world. Peterson also argues that many of our beliefs and values are deeply rooted in the structures of our brains and bodies, and are influenced by biological and evolutionary factors.

One of the central themes of “Maps of Meaning” is the importance of understanding the role of archetypes and myths in shaping our beliefs and values. Peterson argues that archetypes and myths are powerful symbols and narratives that serve as a means of organizing our understanding of the world and our place within it. He also argues that these archetypes and myths are universal across cultures and time, and are deeply rooted in the human psyche.

“Maps of Meaning” is a complex and dense work that draws on a wide range of fields, including psychology, philosophy, theology, mythology, and anthropology. It is often considered a challenging but rewarding read for those interested in understanding the relationship between beliefs, meaning, and the human mind.

12 Rules For Life by Jordan B Peterson

“12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos” is a self-help book written by Canadian psychologist and professor Jordan B. Peterson. It was first published in 2018 and has since become a best-seller. The book offers advice and guidance on a variety of topics, including relationships, work, personal responsibility, and the pursuit of meaning and happiness.

The 12 rules outlined in the book are:

1. Stand up straight with your shoulders back

2. Treat yourself like someone you are responsible for helping

3. Make friends with people who want the best for you

4. Compare yourself to who you were yesterday, not to who someone else is today

5. Do not let your children do anything that makes you dislike them

6. Set your house in perfect order before you criticize the world

7. Pursue what is meaningful (not what is expedient)

8. Tell the truth – or, at least, don’t lie

9. Assume that the person you are listening to might know something you don’t

10. Be precise in your speech

11. Do not bother children when they are skateboarding

12. Pet a cat when you encounter one on the street

The book offers a mix of practical advice and philosophical reflection, and draws on Peterson’s extensive knowledge of psychology, mythology, and religious literature. One of the key themes of the book is the importance of personal responsibility, and the need for individuals to take control of their lives and make positive changes. Peterson argues that this is the only way to overcome the chaos and confusion of modern life, and to find meaning and happiness.

While “12 Rules for Life” has received praise for its insights and practical advice, it has also been the subject of significant controversy and criticism. Critics argue that Peterson’s views on gender, race, and politics are regressive and harmful, and that his ideas perpetuate harmful stereotypes and reinforce existing power structures.

Despite this, the book has continued to be popular and widely read, and has been praised by many for its thought-provoking ideas and practical advice on how to lead a more meaningful and fulfilling life.

An Antidote to Chaos

“An Antidote to Chaos” is the sub-title of Jordan B. Peterson’s book “12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos”. The book offers advice and guidance on how to lead a more meaningful and fulfilling life in the face of the chaos and confusion of modern society.

The book draws on Peterson’s extensive knowledge of psychology, mythology, and religious literature to offer a mix of practical advice and philosophical reflection. One of the key themes of the book is the importance of personal responsibility, and the need for individuals to take control of their lives and make positive changes.

Peterson argues that modern society is plagued by a sense of meaninglessness and disorientation, and that this is the root cause of many of the problems we face today. He suggests that the only way to overcome this chaos is by taking responsibility for our own lives, and by pursuing what is meaningful (rather than what is expedient).

The 12 rules outlined in the book are meant to be a starting point for this process of personal transformation, and offer practical advice on topics such as relationships, work, personal responsibility, and the pursuit of meaning and happiness.

Despite its popularity, “12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos” has also been the subject of significant controversy and criticism. Critics argue that Peterson’s views on gender, race, and politics are regressive and harmful, and that his ideas perpetuate harmful stereotypes and reinforce existing power structures.

Despite this, the book continues to be widely read and highly regarded by many, and is seen as a thought-provoking and inspiring guide to leading a more meaningful and fulfilling life.

Beyond Order

“Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life” is a follow-up to Jordan B. Peterson’s earlier book “12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos”. Like its predecessor, “Beyond Order” offers practical advice and guidance on how to lead a more meaningful and fulfilling life in the face of the chaos and confusion of modern society.

The book expands upon the ideas presented in “12 Rules for Life”, and offers new perspectives on topics such as personal responsibility, the pursuit of meaning, and the importance of order and structure in our lives.

One of the key themes of “Beyond Order” is the importance of seeking balance and stability in our lives, and the dangers of allowing either chaos or order to dominate. Peterson argues that both order and chaos are necessary and natural forces in the world, and that it is only by finding the right balance between the two that we can live meaningful and fulfilling lives.

The 12 new rules outlined in the book offer practical advice on topics such as the importance of forgiveness, the value of hard work and discipline, and the need to cultivate a sense of purpose and meaning.

“Beyond Order” has received mixed reviews, with some praising it for its insights and practical advice, while others criticize it for its conservative views and perceived lack of originality compared to its predecessor. Nevertheless, the book continues to be widely read and discussed, and is seen by many as an important contribution to the ongoing debate about how to lead a fulfilling and meaningful life in the modern world.

Some further critique of beyond order

“Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life” by Jordan B. Peterson has received criticism from various quarters since its publication. Some of the common criticisms include:

1. Lack of originality: Critics argue that “Beyond Order” is largely a rehash of ideas from Peterson’s earlier book “12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos”.

2. Conservative views: Peterson’s views on gender, race, and politics have been criticized as being regressive and harmful. Critics argue that his ideas perpetuate harmful stereotypes and reinforce existing power structures.

3. Scientific accuracy: Some critics question the accuracy of Peterson’s claims and the scientific basis of his ideas. They argue that some of his ideas are not supported by empirical evidence and that his interpretations of scientific research are often biased and misleading.

4. Controversial statements: Peterson is known for making controversial statements and taking a confrontational approach to many social and political issues. This has led to criticism that he is promoting a divisive and inflammatory agenda.

5. Lack of nuance: Critics argue that Peterson’s views are oversimplified and that he fails to account for the complexity of many issues. They argue that his approach is reductionist and that he ignores the broader social and historical context of many issues.

Despite these criticisms, “Beyond Order” remains a popular book, and its ideas continue to be widely discussed and debated. Whether one agrees or disagrees with Peterson’s views, there is no denying that he is a thought-provoking and influential writer who has made a significant impact on modern culture and society.

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker

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“As it is my intention within a very short time to confront my

fellow-men with the very greatest demand that has ever yet been made

upon them, it seems to me above all necessary to declare here who

and what I am. As a matter of fact, this ought to be pretty well

known already, for I have not “held my tongue” about myself. But

the disparity which obtains between the greatness of my task and the

smallness of my contemporaries, is revealed by the fact that people

have neither heard me nor yet seen me. I live on my own self-made

credit, and it is probably only a prejudice to suppose that I am alive

at all. I do but require to speak to any one of the scholars who come

to the Ober-Engadine in the summer in order to convince myself that I

am not alive…. Under these circumstances, it is a duty—and one

against which my customary reserve, and to a still greater degree the

pride of my instincts, rebel—to say: Listen! for I am such and such a

person. For Heaven’s sake do not confound me with any one else!”

This is an Excerpt From:

Ecce Homo / Complete Works, Volume Seventeen

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

Pls note:

This material may be protected by copyright | Only for your private use and for your own Education.

Wishing you all Happy Easter 2024: May So called Religion and Priests all over the world finally understand the message of GOD (Cristians believe in one God only) or The Gods (Ancient Gods and personified and humanized like ZEUS or his women)

#Piece

#Mother Earth is weeping

Education comes Second after Family First.

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Peter Hanns Bloecker and Maria Ines

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Steven Pinker is actually a renowned cognitive psychologist and linguist. Here are some key facts about his life and work:

Background: Steven Pinker was born on September 18, 1954, in Montreal, Canada. He attended Dawson College and later received his Bachelor’s degree in psychology from McGill University. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Harvard University.
Academic Career: Pinker is currently a Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. He has also held various academic positions at institutions such as MIT and Stanford University.
Research Interests: Pinker’s research focuses on language and cognition, particularly the nature of language acquisition, language processing, and the relationship between language and thought. He has contributed to our understanding of how the human mind processes language and how it influences our perception of the world.
Evolutionary Psychology: Pinker has also made significant contributions to the field of evolutionary psychology. He argues that many aspects of human behavior and cognition can be understood as products of natural selection.
Publications: Pinker is a prolific author and has written several influential books. Some of his notable works include “The Language Instinct,” “How the Mind Works,” “The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature,” and “Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress.”
Public Intellectual: Pinker is known for his ability to communicate complex ideas to a broader audience. He has been a frequent contributor to popular publications and has given numerous talks and interviews on topics related to language, cognition, and human nature.
Controversies: Pinker’s views on topics such as innate human nature and the role of genetics in behavior have been the subject of debate and criticism. However, his work has also garnered significant support and has had a substantial impact on the fields of psychology and linguistics.

Overall, Steven Pinker is recognized as a prominent figure in the field of cognitive psychology, known for his research on language, cognition, and evolutionary psychology, as well as his ability to engage with a wider audience through his writings and public engagements.

In his book “Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress,” Steven Pinker explores the achievements of the Enlightenment and their ongoing relevance in contemporary society. He presents a comprehensive argument in favor of the values and principles associated with the Enlightenment period, which include reason, science, humanism, and progress. Here are some ways Pinker relates to the achievements of the Enlightenment in his book:

Reason and Science: Pinker emphasizes the importance of reason and scientific thinking as the foundation for human progress. He argues that rationality and evidence-based inquiry have led to remarkable advancements in knowledge, technology, and understanding of the natural world.
Humanism and Values: Pinker highlights the significance of humanistic values, such as individual rights, freedom, and compassion. He argues that the Enlightenment’s emphasis on individual worth and the pursuit of human flourishing has fostered progress in areas like human rights, democracy, and social justice.
Progress and Optimism: Pinker presents a case for the idea that progress has occurred across a range of indicators, including health, education, quality of life, and reduction in violence. He attributes these positive changes to the spread of Enlightenment values and the application of reason and science in solving societal problems.
Critique of Counter-Enlightenment Thinking: Pinker addresses criticisms and challenges to Enlightenment ideas, including skepticism towards progress, anti-scientific sentiments, and attacks on the values of reason and humanism. He argues against regressive ideologies that reject the achievements and principles of the Enlightenment.

By exploring these themes, Pinker defends the significance of Enlightenment ideals and argues that embracing reason, science, humanism, and progress can lead to a more prosperous, just, and humane world. He presents a counter-narrative to pessimistic views about the state of the world, aiming to inspire optimism and renewed commitment to the values of the Enlightenment.

Steven Pinker’s book “How the Mind Works” provides a comprehensive exploration of the human mind and its cognitive processes. Here’s a brief summary:

In “How the Mind Works,” Pinker delves into the complex workings of the human mind and attempts to uncover the underlying mechanisms that shape our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. He draws upon evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and other disciplines to present a compelling account of how our minds have evolved to solve the challenges faced by our ancestors.

Pinker examines a wide range of cognitive processes, including perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning, emotions, and social interactions. He argues that these mental faculties can be understood as adaptations shaped by natural selection, with the ultimate goal of promoting our survival and reproduction as a species.

The book delves into fascinating topics such as the nature of consciousness, the role of genes in shaping behavior, the differences between male and female minds, the origins of morality, and the evolution of language. Pinker provides engaging explanations and presents research findings to support his arguments.

One of the key ideas in the book is that the mind can be understood as a complex computational system. Pinker explores how the brain processes information, forms mental representations, and employs heuristics and algorithms to make sense of the world.

Pinker also addresses common misconceptions and challenges prevalent ideas about the mind. He argues against a “blank slate” view of human nature, asserting that our cognitive abilities and behavioral tendencies are influenced by our genetic makeup and evolutionary history.

Overall, “How the Mind Works” offers a thought-provoking exploration of the human mind, providing insights into the intricacies of cognition and the evolutionary forces that have shaped our mental faculties. It is a compelling and accessible read for anyone interested in understanding the workings of the human mind.

Language and Cognition

Cognition and language are closely intertwined and mutually influential. Language is a complex cognitive process that relies on various cognitive abilities, and cognition, in turn, is shaped and influenced by language. Here are some key aspects of the relationship between cognition and language:

Language Comprehension: Understanding and comprehending language require a range of cognitive processes. These include perceiving speech sounds, recognizing words, parsing sentence structure, assigning meaning to words and sentences, and integrating information across a discourse. Cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, and reasoning play a crucial role in the comprehension of language.
Language Production: Producing language involves formulating thoughts, selecting appropriate words, organizing them into grammatically correct sentences, and planning the motor movements required for speech or writing. These processes rely on cognitive abilities like conceptualization, working memory, and executive functions.
Language Development: Language acquisition and development occur through cognitive processes. Infants and young children use cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, and pattern recognition to learn the sounds, words, grammar, and meanings of their native language. Cognitive development influences language development, and language, in turn, enhances cognitive development by providing a means for thinking, categorizing information, and communicating with others.
Thinking and Problem-Solving: Language plays a significant role in shaping and facilitating thinking and problem-solving. Language provides a medium for representing and manipulating thoughts, reasoning about complex concepts, and communicating ideas. Language allows us to label and categorize information, engage in logical reasoning, and engage in higher-level cognitive processes.
Bilingualism and Cognitive Effects: Bilingual individuals, who speak and use two or more languages, often exhibit cognitive advantages. Research suggests that bilingualism can enhance cognitive control, attentional flexibility, and working memory. Bilingual individuals regularly engage in language switching and inhibition, which can have positive effects on cognitive abilities.

In summary, cognition and language are interconnected domains. Language relies on cognitive processes for comprehension and production, and cognitive abilities shape language development and the use of language for thinking and problem-solving. The relationship between cognition and language is dynamic and intertwined, contributing to our unique cognitive and communicative capacities as humans.